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The interplay between calcium and iron metabolism is complex, as elevated intracellular calcium levels can further promote iron-induced cellular damage, creating a vicious cycle of injury in the myocardium ( Atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias can develop due to heterogeneous electrical conduction and repolarization ( 2+ currents, resulting in atrial fibrillation ( Oxidative stress In -thalassemia, ineffective erythropoiesis results in increased hemolysis and the release of free hemoglobin, which further exacerbates oxidative stress through the Fenton reaction, where iron catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into highly reactive hydroxyl radicals ( Glutathione (GSH), a key antioxidant in the body, plays a vital role in mitigating oxidative stress

Baylor College of Medicine

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